Patients with kidney stones were older and more likely to be men, to have had hypertension, and to have a history of kidney stones.flow through studyFig 1Patient flow through studyOpen in new tabThe absolute increase in the rate of adverse renal outcomes associated with stones was small: the unadjusted rate of ESRD was 2.48 per million person days in people with one or more episodes of stones, compared with 0.52 per million person days in people without stones. Corresponding unadjusted rates of new stage 3b 5 chronic kidney disease and sustained doubling of serum creatinine from baseline were 61.47 versus 25.53 and 7.69 versus 2.40 respectively.The risk of adverse renal outcomes associated with kidney stones seemed to increase with the number of stone episodes, since the adjusted risk of ESRD and doubling of serum creatinine were both greater in patients with multiple episodes of stones as compared with those with a single episode or no stones (table 2).Effect modification by age and sexIn analyses that separately evaluated the effect modification of age and sex (table 3, fig 2), the adjusted risk of ESRD associated with one or more episodes of stones (compared with those without stones) seemed greater for women than men (P value for interaction 0.003). Results were similar in the other two adverse renal outcomes pandora jewellery, although this interaction was of borderline significance for new stage 3b 5 chronic kidney disease (P=0.06).
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